Low hydrogen-sodium coatings contain a high content of CaCo3 (calcium carbonate) or CaF2 (calcium fluoride). Titanium oxide helps in the formation of a slag that freezes in quick time once the molten metal is deposited on the base metal. (See Classification Table above) X Indicates what alloys are in this electrode . The main condition for a flux to work is that it should be inert to the metals being joined. The slag is usually self-removable with rutile coating rods. Depending upon the application, the composition can be tailored to suit the needs of the application. Fusion takes place as both the rod and workpiece melt, forming a weld pool from the . These are also known as hydrogen-controlled electrodes. In the coated welding electrode the product mix is of mild steel electrodes (around 60 %), mild steel high tensile and low hydrogen low alloy . and more. There are two main types of electrode: consumable and non-consumable. The wire acts as both the electrode and the filler metal for the process. There can be several other varieties that can be obtained by mixing the above covering types. Those who do out-of-position weld also prefer the rutile electrode. The amount of fumes produced from the electrode is also generally low for the Rutile electrode. The percentage is calculated by using the following formula. These electrodes must remain dry before use. The following are the most commonly used electrodes in the welding industry. . The flux coating then provides a shielding environment to weld. Hence, technicians and engineers look for ways to ensure that oxygen never reaches the weld seam during the welding process. Due to these properties, Rutile electrode coating is often known as the most welder-friendly flux types. As gases like nitrogen are present in abundance in the atmosphere, metals have a very high chance of getting affected with inclusions. In addition to preventing the formation of oxides, weld flux also: Fluxes find applications in Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW), and Submerged Arc Welding (SAW). Anyone who has ever used a welding machine knows that electrodes are essential for the process to work correctly. These gases also help in producing an arc that provides deep penetration. The oxygen readily combines with the molten metal, removing alloying elements and causing porosity. Heavy coated electrodes contain the highest amount of flux and have a coating factor of 1.6 to 2.2. Flux core welding may very well be one of the oldest arc welding methods. The metallurgical behavior during shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and the slag detachability of the CaO-CaF2-SiO2 type ENiCrFe-7-covered electrodes was investigated. Consumable electrodes are filler materials that are melted and become part of the weld during the welding process. June 15, 2022 by Ethan Bale. Additionally, coating the weld with a thin layer of flux helps to protect the weld from oxidation by making it more resistant to corrosion. Types of welding electrode coating based on covering thickness, E7018 Electrode Specification & its meaning, E7018 MTC.pdf, Arc Length in Welding: Everything you need to know, How to weld API 5L High Strength Pipes X80, X70, X65, X60, X52, Spray Arc Welding: A High-Deposition Rate Welding Process. It can be challenging to start and maintain an arc on the electrode without a good coating. In this article, we shall see the various types of covering that are found on mild steel and low alloy steel electrodes used in the industry. Many fabricators use electrode coatings with a combination of cellulose and minerals to provide the best of both worlds. 1. The Cellulose electrode requires high welding voltages and is therefore not suitable for all welding machines. Other characteristics such as depth of penetration, mechanical properties are similar to those of EXX10 electrodes. The electrode can be used with all three currents, that is DCSP, DCRP, and AC. Please share your thoughts in the comments section below. The decomposition of cellulose into gas form by welding with an arc creates three separate layers reinforcing the welding joint and increasing its durability. Also referred to as a "low-hydrogen" rod, this electrode has a flux coating with a very low hydrogen content, allowing a minimal amount of hydrogen into the weld puddle.The molten weld beads are protected from contamination, moisture, and hydrogen . But the drawback is it leaves a thin slag, but you dont have to worry about it as it is easily removable. Most of its applications are with Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding. The iron oxide coating produces great weld appearance. E7018-X E Indicates that this is an electrode 70 Indicates how strong this electrode is when welded. An electrode coating is a thin layer (1-3 MM) of material applied to the surface of an electrode. The amount of iron powder determines the increase in rate of deposition. Sulphur and phosphorous are extremely harmful to the weld metal. two digits specify the type of coating and the welding current. However, in some cases where elements have been added onto these coatings during production processes, then yes, AC power may be used. Low-hydrogen coatings produce crack-resistant welds. This wire consists of a concentric coating of flux around it. Rutile Electrode. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) coatings provide improved arc stability while silicate-based coatings offer superior bead shape control with low spatter levels during welding operations. Tacking up weld joints: The oxide layer takes away the corrosion resistance of the metal. The first two (or three) digits indicate tensile strength (the resistance of the material to forces trying to pull it apart) in thousands of pounds per square inch of the deposited metal. The welding speed, deposition efficiency and penetration are high with cellulose electrodes. The use of different types of rods and electrodes, each with specific characteristics, can make the welding process easier or more challenging. Tungsten containing 0.3 to 0.5 percent zirconium. 3. They can be used with AC and DC both polarities. The first two indicate tensile strength of the weldment. The electrodes are manufactured in two standard length namely.. 2. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like True or False: An SMAW station has a constant voltage welding power source?, True or False: Three types of AC power sources are transformer, engine-driven generator and inverter?, True or False: When a welding machine is used at a higher current setting, the duty cycle decreases? This coating leaves slag on the weld piece. 6010 And 6011 Rods Are good Rods For 4 Types Of Welds: #1. Terms of Use - Flux coatings with higher fluoride content are more fluid in nature. | Principal Consultant, Bradley Consulting Services, Corrosionpedia The online hub for corrosion professionals, Copyright 2023 Also, these coating produces less spatter and smoke and are suitable for all welding positions. Answer (1 of 3): The flux coating on an electrode melts and partly vapourises to exclude oxygen from the weld site and then forms a slag over the weld pool to protect it from oxidation until it has solidified. This allows the supplier to use a mild steel core wire, while the alloying elements can be introduced through the flux. For production of low and high-alloyed electrodes, Hgans also provides FeCr, FeMo and pure Molybdenum. Creates a solid coating over the weld as it cools. When molten metal is exposed to air, it reacts with oxygen and nitrogen present in the air. The citofine electrode is an example of a heavily coated electrode with a coating factor of 1.6 - 2.2. The slag protects solidifying metal from oxidation. In US, the percentage is calculated by this formula. E: 60: 1: 10: Electrode: Tensile Strength: Position: Type of Coating & Current: As a professional welder, you must know the different types of electrodes and their . Flux . Coated rod electrodes consist of a core rod and a predominantly mineral coating bound by a binder. The ductility is higher. Rutile electrode coating is made from titanium oxide. The best way to do this is to use a wire brush to remove any build-up on the tips. Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), or manual metal arc welding was first invented in Russia in 1888. SMAW process is the most commonly used metal joining process in the world. An example of rutile acid covering is E6020 (E 38 2 RA 13) rod. The heat then melts the base metal, electrode core and flux coating. Subscribe to our newsletter to get expert advice and top insights on corrosion science, mitigation and prevention. An arc forms when the electrode tip comes into contact with the workpiece. If the flux coating is placed inside a long tube, the electrode can be in the form of a bare wire in the form of a coil. If you dont do so then, then the chemical composition of the coating is compromised, which leads to weaker welds. For unalloyed rod electrodes, unalloyed, soft-core wires are commonly used, and the coating contains the alloying elements for adjusting the strength and toughness properties. The electrodes used in flux-cored arc welding are made up of a flux core, surrounded by a metal sheath. When cellulose undergoes high temperatures in welding, it decomposes to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Slow rate of solidification also prevents entrapment of gases. Further, the bead that emerges when the slag is removed has a uniform smooth appearance. There are fewer components to move around as there isnt any system required to supply a jet of air to the weld. These letters are followed by two digits which will be 45, 60, or 65. Smooth weld metal surface with even edges, Weld position (flat, horizontal, vertical, or overhead), Cellulose provides a gaseous shield with a reducing agent in which the gas shield surrounding the arc is produced by the disintegration of cellulose, Metal carbonates to adjust the basicity of the slag and to provide a reducing atmosphere, Titanium dioxide to help form a highly fluid, but quick-freezing slag and to provide ionization for the arc, Ferromanganese and ferrosilicon to help deoxidize the molten weld metal and to supplement the manganese content and silicon content of the deposited weld metal, Gums and Clays to provide elasticity for extruding the plastic coating material and to help provide strength to the coating, Calcium fluoride provide shielding gas to protect the arc, adjust the basicity of the slag, and provide fluidity and solubility of the metal oxides, Mineral silicates provide slag and give strength to the electrode covering, Alloying metals including nickel, molybdenum, and chromium to provide alloy content to the deposited weld metal, Iron or manganese oxide to adjust the fluidity and properties of the slag and to help stabilize the arc, Iron powder to increase productivity by providing extra metal to be deposited in the weld. This coating is similar to the iron oxide-sodium coating, except that iron powder is added in a high amount. Produces a protective gas around the weld area. In this case, the electrode covers the flux. The shielded metal arc electrodes are majorly used with direct current. The flux coating contains ingredients that induce slag formation. The number E601O indicates an arc welding electrode with a relieved tensile strength of 60,000 psi; is used in all positions; polarity direct current is required. 0 indicates the classification is not used; 1 is for all positions; 2 is for flat and horizontal positions only; 3 is for flat position only. Finally, a coating can help provide a good surface for arc welding. Rutile-coated electrodes are good for sheet metal welding. The flux material provides the shielding gases and the protective slag. The results indicated that the slag detachability could be improved as the SiO2 in the flux coatings decreased. Flux-coated . Other elements such as cellulose, clay, etc. These percentages are related to the requirements of the American Welding Society (AWS) specifications. View Full Term. The weight of such a coating is from 15 to 30% of the electrode weight. Slow cooling also has an annealing effect on the weld deposit. Log in, Principal Types of Electrode Coatings for Mild Steel, Functions of Shielded Arc or Heavy Coated Electrodes, Alternating Current Arc Welding Electrodes, Basic Electrodes (Low Hydrogen Electrode). One way to prevent oxidation of the weld is by adding deoxidizing agents with the welding core. Welding electrodes (or rods) come with lengths that range from 9 (23 cm . The primary function of flux at the core of the wire is to provide shielding to the arc from the oxidizing gases in the atmosphere such as oxygen and nitrogen. With years of experience in welding, he has honed his craft and developed a deep understanding of the trade. The flux covering significantly determines the ultimate specification of the electrode. Impact energy of 47 J is achieved to a temperature of -30 C (3). If the coating is placed inside a long tube, the electrode can be in the form of a bare wire in the form of a coil allowing continuous and automatic welding. This is required when welding thicker sections where arc blow is a problem. A perfect weld is a result of many conscious decisions made by the welder after factoring in all the specifics involved. The basic electrodes are used, for example, in steels with limited welding suitability or large wall thicknesses. They reduce impurities such as oxides, sulfur, and phosphorus so that these impurities will not impair the weld deposit. Oxygen causes. -2 indicates the use of argon plus 2 percent oxygen for shielding and DCEP. Various electrode types are available, the type often being defined by the nature of the coating. This electrode can be used with DCRP or DCSP. Then, intense heat is generated to produce the electric arc. The environmental conditions, temperature and type of metal are the factors that determine the type of coating to be used. This type of electrode produces high-quality, crack-resistant weld points with medium penetration. $MMT = window.$MMT || {}; $MMT.cmd = $MMT.cmd || [];$MMT.cmd.push(function(){ $MMT.display.slots.push(["c292aa50-fbec-4ffe-bc5a-975005968d32"]); }), Functions of Coating in Covered Electrodes, Types Of Flux Coatings On Carbon Steel Electrodes. 8 Indicates the coating, penetration, and current type used. When compared with MIG, The equipment for flux-cored arc welding is easy to transport. The composition of this flux covering varies widely between different electrode grades. The type and degree of coating or flux on the electrodes can also be identified . One major difference between MIG wires and Stick electrodes are the lack of flux coating on MIG wire. The shield gas offered by the flux helps protect the weld pool from atmospheric elements. Dave Walker is a skilled welder and passionate blogger. This suffix is separated from the main designation by a -. When the SiO2 in the flux coating was 10.9 pct, about 28.3 pct CaF2 resulted in the best slag detachability. In covered electrodes, this protection is provided by the flux coating available on the electrode. Don't miss an insight. Due to its universal applicability, it is particularly often used under assembly conditions. Editorial Review Policy. Prefix RB: Indicates use as either a welding rod or for brazing filler metal. The arc is also less predictable when the basic flux is used. Prefix ER: Indicates whether an electrode or welding rod. There are two types of consumable electrodes and these can be categorized as follows: Bare Electrodes; Coated Electrodes; 1. The prefix letter E is used to indicate an electrode. In the arc weld landscape, flux-cored electrodes are broadly classified into four different types based on their properties. The coating is used on electric welding rods and serves several functions. The US same electrode in US would yield a very different % of iron powder in coating. For welding, flux is not used as a separate application. In addition, the increased current can penetrate deeper into the material, creating stronger welds. Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), also known as manual metal arc welding (MMA or MMAW), flux shielded arc welding or informally as stick welding, is a manual arc welding process that uses a consumable electrode covered with a flux to lay the weld.. An electric current, in the form of either alternating current or direct current from a welding power supply, is used to form an electric arc . Rutile-type rod electrodes are used for welding thin sheets and are suitable for all welding positions except the drop seam position. Again, these electrodes are distinguished by the type of flux coating they are coated with. In this coating, the percentage of iron powder is higher than the EXX18 electrodes. Some other uses include: Electrodes are used in different battery types, electroplating and electrolysis, welding, cathodic protection, membrane electrode . They are characterized by a less fine droplet transfer. In the case of the filler reds used for oxyfuel gas welding, the prefix letter is R, followed by a G indicating that the rod is used expressly for gas welding. Examples of rutile basic covering rods are- E316L-16 as well as some modified versions of E6013 and E7018 (modified rods are specially formulated by electrodes manufacturers). Due to the high oxygen generation, iron oxide coating is not suitable for welding metals that easily undergo oxygen inclusion. However, the high rate of hydrogen production may not be suitable for welding metals that exhibit hydrogen inclusion properties. The weld metal hydrogen level is high for rutile covering rods and hence they are not suitable for welding high-strength & thick materials. The types of coating, welding current, and polarity position are designated by the fourth (or fifth) identifying digit of the electrode classification are listed in the table below. Coatings help to concentrate the welding current, resulting in less spatter and smoother, neater welds. In other words, no reaction should occur between the flux and the metals. The specification does give the composition of the electrode wires. 5. adds alloying elements. In combination with the high deposition performance, this electrode is often used in pipeline and steel construction for forced position welding and root welding. Each electrode has different characteristics and serves a different purpose. They contain organic substances, especially cellulose, in their coat. MaterialWelding.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Material Welding is run by highly experienced welding engineers, welding trainers & ASNT NDT Level III bloggers. The ingredients that go into the making of this covering are determined by the electrode manufacturer based on the specific properties desired in the weld metal. The mechanical properties are good enough. A flux coating is a layer of a chemical which acts as a cleaning agent, a purifying agent or a flowing agent. In this case, an electric arc fuses the base material with a continuous filler metal electrode. Prevents hardening by slowing down cooling time etc. Due to these properties, Rutile electrode coating is often known as the most welder-friendly flux types. During a welding process, the base metal and the filler undergo significant temperature changes in a very short amount of time. The particular specification involved should be used for specifying filler metals. Since the slag solidifies at a relatively slow rate, it holds the heat and allows the underlying metal to cool and solidify slowly. Electrodes are usually coated with varying chemicals to protect the joints when welding. Different types of welding electrode coatings are available based on the thickness of the coating; Thin-coated electrode coatings consist of a very minimal amount of flux material applied to the tip of the rod, providing just enough protection from oxidation during welding. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced welder, this video is a must-watch for anyone looking to improve their welding skills and knowledge. For all Courses Download Our App : https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.makeit.easy------- Paid Courses Available :------------ SSC JE 2023- 24 LIVE BATCH :- https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/41-ssc-je-2023-24 RRB JE 2023- 24 LIVE BATCH :- https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/37-rrb-je-2022-future-batch Join WBPSC JE Batch: https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/35-wbpsc-je-batch-2022 Join JKSSB JE Batch: https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/36-jkssb-je-2022 All State JE Live Batch:- https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/all-state-je-live-batch SSC JE Recorded Batch : https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/7-ssc-je-2022-recorded Full Syllabus Course : https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/full-syllabus-recorded-batch Design Combo: https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/design-combo Thermal Combo: https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/thermal-combo Production Combo: https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/production-combo Fluid Combo: https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/fluid-combo Numerical Series:- https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/complete-numerical-series=======Paid Batches For ITI Government Exams======= ITI Fitter All Exams: https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/33--iti-fitter-all-exams ITI WELDER All Exams: https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/43-iti-welder-all-exams=======Non- Technical Batches======= General Science Science for All Exams: https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/38-science-for-all-exams General Studies for All Exams: https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/40-general-studies-for-all-exams Reasoning for all exams: https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/courses/39-reasoning-for-all-exams====================== Connect Us on Instagram https://www.instagram.com/invites/contact/i=dpy9kno6ijqz\u0026utm_content=horpqf3Facebook :-https://cutt.ly/rY2jxlaTelegram For Pdfs :-https://t.me/MAKEITEASYWITHMECHANICAL Telegram For ITI:- https://t.me/makeiteasyiti Website : - https://makeiteasy.classx.co.in/=======================================================For More Details Contact Us:- +91-8126398828 +91-9410949683=============== YouTube Free Class Playlists : - SSC JE 2021 -22 Complete Technical Playlists For Revision) Complete Theory Of Machines: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjQMEOXj4i1_egexiA59nwt3xehsbLsOY) Complete Fluid Mechanics: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjQMEOXj4i18lRR9sktMLNcaXRRhXFa_u ) Complete Hydraulic Machines: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjQMEOXj4i19equbvBNSUc-P46BlfiQZQ) Complete Strength of Materials: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjQMEOXj4i19eGPe65psMRiwNfEQe9rnt ) Complete Thermodynamics: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjQMEOXj4i19Xa40CdRN1djanHBHD6IpX) Complete Power Plant Engineering: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjQMEOXj4i1-hBXQGDalXWU3wSdXYz9N9 ) Complete Refrigeration and Air Condition: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjQMEOXj4i1_vPc8fLQwHld76jzg1mDH2------------------------------------------------------------WeldingElectrodeFlux coatingCoating factorWelding techniquesWelding technologyWelding tipsElectrode coatingWelding processesFlux cored weldingShielded metal arc weldingElectrode typesWelding equipmentWelding rodsFlux core wireWelding filler metalWelding techniques and tipsWelding process fundamentalsWelding metallurgyWelding certificationWelding codes and standardsWelding inspectionWelding defects and preventionWelding quality controlWelding industry trendsWelding automationWelding engineering#mechanicalEngineering#engineeringExams#mechanicalbyrahulsir This slow solidification of the metal eliminates the entrapment of gases within the weld and permits solid impurities to float to the surface. The seam appearance is coarse-scaled. The flux of thes. Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), also known as manual metal arc welding (MMAW or MMA) is a welding process that uses a flux-coated electrode to join metals. When the molten metal solidifies, these products float to the top and settle down there in the form of slag. Welding with alternating current helps in overcoming the problem of arc blow. Metal Numbers, Codes, Classifications & Designations, Common Types of Welding (FCAW, GMAW, GTAW, SMAW, SAW), What You Can and Cannot Cut With a Plasma Cutter, How to Convert 3 Phase Welder to Single Phase. These electrodes end with a 12 in their designation, and can be used with direct current straight polarity. They have a rather low melting point compared to the other electrodes, hence used rarely. A typical field of application is the drop seam welding of pipelines and large pipelines. Keep them clean Electrode tips can become clogged with dirt and debris over time, affecting the quality of your welds, so its important to keep them clean. Moreover, these electrodes are difficult to control, so you should be an experienced welder to use them properly. Light, medium, and heavy welding rods. Some electrodes function well with DCEP, while some function well with DCEN polarity. The slag can be tapped off after the completion of the weld pass. Arc blow can produce slag inclusions, blow holes, and lack of fusion. Non-consumable electrodes are made of materials such as tungsten, that do not melt and become part of the weld. | Head of the Corrosion, Arab Petroleum Pipelines, By: Greg Denton The content of flux coating influences what current type the electrode can be used with. These electrodes end with a 28 in their designation. When compared with flux welding, MIG welding does not need a flux coated electrode as it uses shield gas to protect the weld pool from outside interference. Stick welding electrodes are consumable composite short rods with a core of solid metal wire and a covering of flux material. Types of welding electrode coating based on covering thickness. In the case of nonferrous filler metals, the prefix E, R, or RB is used, followed by the chemical symbol of the principal metals in the wire. Coating factor plays a significant role in determining the efficiency and performance of welding electrodes, as a higher coating factor typically results in improved weld quality and reduced spatter.Throughout the video, we'll provide practical tips and advice on selecting the right type of flux coating and coating factor for your specific welding application. In the vertical weld position, 6010 and 6011 welding rods can be run either uphill or downhill. Some specific advantages of flux include: Flux coating on the electrodes ensures a weld with good mechanical properties, chemical composition and weld metal cleanliness. Then, the supplier has to come up with the right coating that caters to the requirement. The covering on the electrode determines the usability of the electrode, and influences the chemical composition of the deposited weld metal. These materials include rutile (TiO- titanium dioxide or Titania), calcium fluoride (CaF), iron powder, and . . Establishes electrical characteristics. Their arc starting, and re-ignition characteristics is very good. 2 Flux-cored arc welding requires a continuously fed consumable tubular electrode containing a flux. Here are a few tips on how to properly care for your electrodes: 1. Example: E6013 (E38 0 RC 11) welding rod. This allows the impurities to float to the surface. 3 stands with the type of slag, flux composition and power supply. The . These two functions contribute to the formation of a strong and durable welded joint. The slag is easy to remove for these rods. Rutile electrodes have coatings containing a high percentage of titania . All stick electrodes consist of a rod surrounded by a coating called flux, which serves several important purposes. Corrosionpedia Inc. - $MMT = window.$MMT || {}; $MMT.cmd = $MMT.cmd || [];$MMT.cmd.push(function(){ $MMT.display.slots.push(["b9fe7dda-511e-42e6-90b7-3edabd7c8424"]); }). The electrodes that can operate with alternating current come specially designed for this. Due to the cellulose content, less slag is produced, so this electrode is suitable for downhill welding of fillet welds in structural welding (not butt seams on pipes). Essential Variables for Welder Qualification, How to Write a Welder Performance Qualification Record, Welding Procedure Qualification As Per ASME Section IX, Shielding action: The gaseous products produced as a result of burning of flux coating physically keep out the atmospheric gases such as oxygen and nitrogen. Thus, we can see that the flux covering plays an extremely important role in the eventual quality of the weld metal in shielded metal arc welding. Low hydrogen electrodes is a common name given to those electrodes that produce a relatively lower amount of diffusible hydrogen in the weld metal deposited with these electrodes, in comparison to the electrodes described above. Like cellulose coating, these electrode uses contain a higher titanium dioxide percentage and cost you a bit higher than cellulose. E7024 (38 0 RR 54), and E71T-1 flux cored wire. Electrode Coatings with Very High Amounts of Iron Powder: in which the thick coatings comprise as much as 50% of the electrode weight, are also available. This is because the covered electrode coating contains binders to keep the coating intact and also contains agents to allow the coating to be extruded. In a basic arc welding process, the power supply is switched on, and the electrode is brought near the base material. They melt throughout the process and become part of the join. This type of flux is made from titanium oxide and provides exceptional slag and arc control during the welding process. This information is given in table 8-1.
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