Keeping your scrape covered and moist facilitates this process. It can result from, How can you treat dry skin from the comfort of your home? Take a bucket of hot water (not too hot that'll burn your feet) and add 2-3 spoons of baking soda. This may put the unreachable areas at risk for dermatitis neglecta. Some people may never have symptoms again. Wear support socks, stockings or sleeves, which put pressure on parts of your body to keep fluids from collecting there. Dead skin, poor blood circulation, precursor to calluses, age, some combination of the above. Edema also can be a side effect of some medicines. So dont scrub your skin with harsh chemicals as this will just cause dryness and irritation. In the first two days, you will experience the most swelling, and it should start to reduce by the third day. ", Lymphology Association of North America: "What is Lipedema? Apply the mixed solution on dark ankles and leave it to dry. Well review eight home remedies from oatmeal to coconut oil that you can use to. Although it begins as a cosmetic concern, it can eventually cause pain and other problems. Swelling or puffiness of the tissue right under the skin, especially in legs or arms. Symptoms of ichthyosis vulgaris are typically worse in winter, when the air is colder and drier. Now apply the paste on affected part in circular motion. As infection spreads, your body mounts a stronger counter-attackand that can cause systemic symptoms such as fever, nausea, mental confusion, or just feeling out of sorts (did you know theres a reason why you feel cold when you have a fever?). It usually affects both legs. Grade 1: Immediate rebound with 2 millimeter (mm) pit. If a person does not wash one or more areas of the body, these dead skin cells may build up in patches of skin that are often dark, scaly, and rough. You can always add . This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. For me personally, putting some. Copyright 2004-2023 MotoSport, LLC. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could Please consult your health care practitioner before undertaking any health changes. But when that color persists or spreads significantly, it may have become infected. Follow the method regularly to get rid of dark, thick and dry skin on the ankle. Itching, also known as "pruritus" can be uncomfortable. Treatment is available to help you manage any underlying conditions that might cause edema or you can make simple lifestyle changes to reduce swelling and fluid buildup in your body. Allow it to dry naturally for 15 minutes and then rinse it off. The doctor may also order other tests, such as a skin biopsy, to rule out other causes of dry skin. Especially if the pain and swelling is on one side, these can be symptoms of a blood clot deep in the vein, also known as deep vein thrombosis, or DVT. Salt causes your body to retain water, which could leak into your tissues and cause swelling. We will also review the difference between one vs both ankles swelling. Au explains. The condition follows an autosomal dominant pattern. Unlike lymphedema, lipedema doesn't start in the lower legs (feet and ankles) but the upper legs, and it isn't related to prior surgery. So grateful I found dr kormeili and she has the best staff. Accessed Nov. 29, 2022. It can occur, Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. Mix 3 tbsp of milk with 1 tbsp of rice flour. The pit indicates that there is fluid built up in your tissues. This is a residential delivery service, deliveries Monday through Friday from 9:00am to 8:00pm. A persons skin is constantly being renewed as dead skin cells are shed from the body and new ones form. If they get irritated when washing these sensitive areas, they may skip them, which makes dermatitis neglecta more likely. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Mild pain or a sore feeling in the affected area. Your email address will not be published. If you would like to schedule a consultation with Dr. Kormeili to discuss your beauty needs, please, "Completely changed my skin!!! As a result, blood can back up in the legs, ankles and feet, causing edema. We include products we think are useful for our readers. Some plaques that appear from the condition may be treated with alcohol wipes or other antibacterial wipes. Swollen ankles can be caused by pregnancy, heart disease & overuse. Last medically reviewed on March 30, 2018. Just give one of our Gearheads a call at 1-888-676-8853 and they can help you find the best Knee and Ankles for you. For healthcare providers, this code describes the diagnosis, symptoms and necessity for treatment. These chemicals will help your skin stay moist. Assuming this is dry skin just be aware that hot water, whilst it soaks skin and allows you to remove the skin more easily is also really drying. A caregiver may also be helpful for older or disabled people who have trouble washing sufficiently. Ichthyosis vulgaris may also occur along with other skin disorders, such as atopic dermatitis or keratosis pilaris. General principles of the treatment of edema in adults. Medicines and pregnancy can cause edema. Using a humidifier in your home will add moisture into the air and keep your skin from drying out. Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. Unlike obesity, ittargets legs, thighs and sometimes arms. When a disease causes edema, the disease needs treatment, as well. After sitting for a long time, such as on a long flight, call your care provider if you get leg pain and swelling that won't go away. Grade 3: Rebound greater than 15 seconds but less than 60 seconds with 5 to 6 mm pit. The condition usually causes a persons skin to become dry, red, and swollen. Dermatitis neglecta can be confused with other skin disorders, which is why it is advisable for a dermatologist to perform an extensive examination of a persons skin. Most people just wipe it off with their towel. Rice flour removes excess sebum piled on your skin. If they remain unsure, the dermatologist may take a sample of the skin to have a laboratory analysis done. Do not sit or stand for long periods without moving or go on short walks. Squeeze fresh lemon and collects its juice in a bowl. The majority of cases are mild and confined to specific areas of the body. Impetigo is another skin infection brought on by staph bacteria. Au, is when any of these symptoms seem to get worse rather than better. When it comes to making dark ankles brighter, glycerin and rose water can go hand in hand. This is usually a sign that youre not washing off all the shampoo or body wash off your skin. The dead skin cells are easily removed from the body by exfoliation and basic hygiene, such as washing with soap and water. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. ", University of Rochester Medical Center: "Lymphedema Therapy: Complete Decongestive Therapy.". This condition also can cause fluid to build up in the lungs. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event, (https://familydoctor.org/condition/edema/?adfree=true), (https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/symptoms-of-heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/swelling?query=edema), (https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/edema), (https://www.osmosis.org/answers/pitting-edema), Visitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information. 1 When these dead skin cells don't slough off as they should, you can be left with symptoms like dull, dry skin. Your doctor will ask you about any family history of skin diseases, the age you first experienced symptoms, and whether you have any other skin disorders. ", "Dr Kormeili is the best dermatologist. Edema. A doctor specializing in skin disorders, called a dermatologist, can typically diagnose ichthyosis vulgaris by sight. Rheumatoid arthritis. These are other pain signals you should pretty much never ignore. Scrub it over you lips, and you can even ingest it if you wish. See a provider right away for: These can be signs of fluid buildup in the lungs, also known as pulmonary edema. Hydrating property housed in this ingredient will soften your thick skin on the ankle bone. Learn when itching is serious and how to treat it. Hydrate your skin with rosewater or glycerin. On a thicker part of your flesh it would be a callus, on thin skin it's just some dead flesh. Learn about skin care secrets with help from a nationally-recognized, Board Certified dermatologist in this free video series. Read on to learn more about the connection between your condition and food. Taking a bath or shower every day helps prevent the buildup of dirt, sebum, and bacteria on the skin. Normally, edema will go away on its own if you have a mild case, and medication and treatment are available if you have a more severe case. Au suggests. dirt buildup on ankles 3- Classes pack for $45 dirt buildup on ankles for new clients only. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Always so welcoming! That's because the condition affects mostly women, and it often begins or worsens at puberty, during pregnancy, following gynecologic surgery, and around the time of menopause. Complete decongestive therapy involves: Manual lymphatic drainage. For example, the top half of your body may be a size 8, but the bottom half may be a size 16. Dermatitis neglecta may show up after surgery if someones self-care is difficult. When this happens, your body's normal processes may not run correctly. nationaleczema.org/eczema/types-of-eczema/atopic-dermatitis/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025318/, aad.org/public/diseases/scaly-skin/ichthyosis-vulgaris#overview, mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ichthyosis-vulgaris/symptoms-causes/syc-20373754, mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/keratosis-pilaris/symptoms-causes/syc-20351149. It is due to a buildup of a fluid called lymph. Ask MetaFilter is where thousands of life's little questions are answered. Diagnosing dermatitis neglecta can be difficult, as it may be confused with other skin conditions. Your doctor may also perform other tests, such as a blood test or skin biopsy. Just give one of our Gearheads a call at 1-888-676-8853 and they can help you find the best Knee and Ankles for you. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. The reason for this is. Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, Dry Skin on the Face: Causes, Treatments, and More. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? Redness around a cut or scrape is a sign of healing, for example. You know that shampoo or soap thats left on your body (usually around your neck) when you step out of the shower? If normal exfoliating products dont work, try soaking in hot water for 45 minutes and THEN doing an exfoliating scrub. The warning sign to watch for, according to Dr. Ankle swelling: The most common reasong for both ankles to swell in adults is the lower leg veins are not getting blood back to the heart very well. Sandalwood powder is housed with anti-tanning and skin whitening properties. Get rid of built up dirt on your skin with help from a nationally recognized Board Certified dermatologist in this free video clip. According to experts, venous stasis occurs when veins lose the ability to circulate blood towards heart from legs. Many people lose mobility in the body as they age. Apart from medical conditions, your ankles turn dark due to injury, hiking or external trauma. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 05/17/2022. Injury to the skin over swollen areas takes longer to heal and is more likely to become infected. Getting a deep wound in generalespecially one caused by rusty metaldoesnt guarantee that youll develop an infected cut, but it does mean you should seek medical attention immediately. Do not stop taking your medication unless your provider tells you to do so. There are many little things that can help reverse this and prevent it from getting worse. Search within a riding style, select an option, Free shipping on orders over $79 to Illinois, Selection will refresh the page with with localized information, Selection will refresh the page with new results, This will adjust the number of options and put focus to the top of the list above. But don't apply it. Vitamin E residing in this ingredient can help to promote collagen production and cell regeneration. It's no big deal I think. Having a long-lasting illness, such as congestive heart failure or liver or kidney disease. Common symptoms. Follow your doctors directions for taking medications. However, Dr. Kormeili makes a point that exfoliation should be gentle not harsh. Clinical manifestations and evaluation of edema in adults. Sometimes edema is a symptom of an underlying health condition, so contact your healthcare provider if you experience symptoms of edema. Also read: How to use coconut oil to whiten skin? Take glycerin and rose water each 1 tablespoon and blend them well. Symptoms may take a few months to develop. Vitamin E residing in this folk remedy can lighten the appearance of discolored ankles and increase cell regeneration. Also, it is recommended to lube up your elbows before a steamy shower to help the lubricant penetrate deeper into dry areas. We recommend our users to update the browser. Surprised to see soap on the list? Symptoms may be indirectly influenced by a recent trauma or surgery. Treatment for dermatitis neglecta may vary, but it is usually simple and straightforward. Dermatitis is a term that describes skin inflammation. However, some cases are severe and cover large areas of the body, including the abdomen, back, arms, and legs. We look at the symptoms and treatment. Sitting or staying in one position for too long. Dermatitis neglecta is a skin disorder caused by not cleaning the skin sufficiently. Dead skin cells make up the first 18 to 23 layers of your skin. Dr. Of course, the way everyone reacts to various cleansers differs from one person to the next, but why take the chance when tending to your cut or scrape? The bags vary quite widely in their roughness and I'd assume that if you use one that's. A symptom of edema is swelling in your body. If you need some assistance, we can help. Edema can affect anyone, but the condition most often affects people who are pregnant and adults who are 65 years or older. Read below on swollen ankles or swelling of one ankle causes and treatment. (2). Cold showers are another extreme without providing any skin protection. 2020; doi:10.1002/ehf2.12848. This swelling, called edema, is the result of too much fluid in the tissues. Illnesses that can cause edema include: Congestive heart failure. Oral or topical antibiotics can clear them up. You can also prevent edema by moving around more frequently. apartments for rent in west allis, wi under $600 dirt buildup on ankles After they release pressure, a dimple (pit) will appear in your skin. The patches of dry skin typically appear on the elbows and lower legs. Dermatitis neglecta A dirty dermatosis: Report of three cases. This content does not have an Arabic version. Less ability of the of arteries, veins, joints and muscles to stretch. It typically disappears during early childhood. How To Lighten Dark Lips Permanently Using Honey? It also can be the result of a disease, such as congestive heart failure, kidney disease, venous insufficiency or cirrhosis of the liver. Ive stopped getting it for several years now and the only difference I can think of is that I switched to a moisturizing body wash which I use with a pouf (Olay ultra moisturizing body wash.) So I recommend moisturizing the area daily after exfoliating it off thoroughly once. These treatments are typically salicylic acid or glycolic acid, which can be bought over the counter in low concentrations. Mix 1 tablespoon of coconut oil with half lemon juice. You can find a selection of humidifiers here. If you observe pus thats green and/or foul-smelling, thats a surefire sign of an infected cut that should have you dialing your doctor. Other than that just rub gently with a wash cloth or body brush/glove when you wash. Can you wipe it off with an alcohol pad (or 70% isopropyl alcohol)? Possibly a relevant detail- I have a white skin tone, and my crud is gray or gray-brown. If are not pregnant and you notice that you have unexpected swelling in a part of your body, contact your healthcare provider for an exam. Its critical to remove any particles or dirt from your wound immediately, during the cleansing process, according to Sonoa Au, MD, of Advanced Dermatology, PC in New York and New Jersey, or you could have an infected cut. I find a lot of it can come off after I swim at the gym, particularly if I spend a few minutes in the jacuzzi afterwards. This causes flu. Natural remedies are safe and effective towards ailments. Now apply this paste on your ankles in a circular. The cause is unknown, but research suggests that it is a reaction to the misuse, A malar rash is also known as a butterfly rash and appears on the face. There are several possible causes for an edema diagnosis including: Your healthcare provider will give a physical examination to diagnose edema, followed by diagnostic tests to find the cause. Scratching will only make it worse. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). If you're in the mood, you're in for a treat. A person who starts washing the area may notice immediate results, as dead skin cells and other waste particles are scraped off the body. These questions will help rule out other skin conditions and allow the dermatologist to be certain of their diagnosis. However, treatment can help you manage your symptoms. Lymphedema is a swelling that affects the soft tissues in the arms or legs, including the ankles. Dermatitis neglecta is not like other skin conditions, though it can appear similar to other forms of dermatitis. health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health what to do when you cant get to a doctor, pain signals you should pretty much never ignore, signs of skin irritation to watch out for, silent symptoms of sepsis, or blood poisoning, Do not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Making lifestyle changes to stop smoking or changing your diet. If not treated, lymphedemacan lead to problems such as infections, delayed wound healing, development of scar-like tissue called fibrosis, and hardened skin in the legs. Dermatitis neglecta is rarer than other skin conditions that produce similar symptoms, so it is often mistaken for these disorders. You can use it on the face regularly to obtain radiant skin. McGraw Hill; 2023. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Bleaching ability residing in this citrus fruit is prominent. Swelling of the foot, ankle and leg can be bad enough to leave a dimple, also known as a pit, in the skin after pressing on the area. Ichthyosis vulgaris is an inherited or acquired skin condition that occurs when the skin doesnt shed its dead skin cells. This causes dry, dead skin cells to accumulate in patches on the surface of the skin. Omega-3 fatty acids residing in castor oil penetrates into deeper layers of the skin and improves blood circulation. If so, it might be, The non-abrasive way to deal with this sort of build up of old skin is to use moisturiser instead of hot water, and. Swelling can happen anywhere on your body but most often affects your feet, ankles and legs. Chances are you have wondered at some point in your life, why is my skin looking a little dirty? The buildup of make-up, creams, smog, dirt and oils can take away the natural glow of the skin, leaving it a little dull and dry. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. These symptoms should be reported to a doctor or dermatologist for further treatment. 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. Studies conclude that topical application of coconut oil is effective for hydrating your skin. Rinse the mask after 15-20 minutes. Then, wash away with lukewarm water. Taking more than one shower each day may also be necessary for warmer months or after doing. For example: In addition to treating the underlying cause of edema, there are a few steps you can take to keep fluid from building up in your body: In some cases, the cause of edema could be too much salt in your diet. There are some things you can do at home to relieve dry skin on the legs. dirt buildup on ankles INTRO OFFER!!! Learn more, Perioral dermatitis is a rash that affects the skin around the mouth. Dirt Bike Knee and Ankles for Sale. If edema is a side effect of a medication you are taking, your provider might stop or lower the dosage of your medication to resolve the swelling. These include: Sometimes edema can be a sign of a more serious condition. The patches that form, called plaques, may be waxy, dark, and slightly raised. Exfoliate with gram flour, rice flour or walnut shells. Use them without soap for max scrub-ocity, then wash afterward. Saha, A., Seth, J., Sharma, A., & Biswas, D. (2015, MarchApril). Acne and breakouts 3. The fluid builds up in nearby tissues. Edema occurs when tiny blood vessels in the body, also known as capillaries, leak fluid. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which Learn how we can help. Edema happens most often in your feet, ankles and legs, but can affect other parts of your body, such as your face, hands and abdomen. The typical symptoms are a large lower half and column-like legs, which are often tender and bruise easily. include protected health information. What's happening to my feet, and what can I do about it? If your tap water is contaminated with harsh chemicals, you dont want to open up your pores. The procedure uses a hollow tube that is placed under the skin to suction the fat tissue. Simple lifestyle changes like elevating the swollen part of your body or moving around if you were sitting or standing for a long period of time can reduce swelling and help you feel better. Getting rid of built-up dirt on your skin starts by doing makeup removal every single night. Its just one of the common health products that can be dangerous for you and your family. Thick, rough skin. Selecting an options will take you to a new page. Saritha, M., & Karthikeyan, K. (2015, March 11). Depending on the cause of your diagnosis, edema could be temporary or permanent. This friction is not good for your skin. These therapies can help you regain your confidence and deal with any emotional difficulties you may encounter. DO NOT wash your elbows/knees for up to 3 hours after applying the lemon juice. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer) as we strive to provide site experiences for browsers that support new web standards and security practices. Tight-fitting shoes can cause heel bursitis. Renowned for its healing and sticky nature, aloe vera gel also exhibits skin whitening abilities. Touch device users, explore by touch. Natural Homemade Hair Removal wax to Remove Unwanted Hair at Home, 10 Celebrities Reveal Their Surprising Secrets to Looking Younger, How to Get Rid of Pimples and Acne Overnight Using These 25 Quick Remedies, 7 Tulsi Face Pack Recipes to Treat Acne, Eczema and Psoriasis, 15 Best Collagen Building Foods for Your Skin, How to Use Fenugreek for Face, Acne & Skin Whitening Face Mask Recipes, You Cant Believe Benefits of Spinach for Skin. Skin infections can escalate into a grave threat, and it can happen literally overnight. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. ", Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center: "Lipedema. Do you routinely wear something that would bind or rub against the affected area? Elbows are usually neglected in the shower which allows dirt particles to build up and create dark and rough patches. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. It is important to wear proper footwear, especially when practicing a sport or exercising. (On dark-skinned people its usually lighter than their skin, hence the name, but on light-skinned people it can be darker. Click here for an email preview. The key to living with this condition is learning to make management of this disease part of your daily routine. Prez-Rodrguez, I. M., Muoz-Garza, F. Z., & Ocampo-Candiani, J. Dry skin it is! Edema could be a sign of an underlying health condition and early diagnosis and treatment could lead to the best prognosis. Slowly lower the toes down towards the ground for 5 seconds, and then lift the toes back up towards the shins for a count of 2 seconds. In my case, it was from frequently sitting cross-legged on the floor with my kid on my lap; when he got older and stopped sitting on my lap so much, it went away. You can blend glycerin with rosewater. Helps lower the risk of wounds and infection if you have lipedema . A treatment called complete decongestive therapy can ease painful symptoms. 4 is Best), How to Use Argan Oil for Skin Lightening 5 DIY Methods Included. Breast Cancer, Lymph Node Biopsy, and Node Dissection. Known as pulmonary edema, this can lead to shortness of breath. When you are sitting or lying down, put a pillow under your legs to keep them elevated above the level of your heart. Sterns RH. 2 How To Get Rid Of Dirt On Skin 3 How To Shower Properly 3.1 Hot Showers 3.2 Soapy Residue 3.3 Harsh Towel Drying Why We Have Dirt On Skin After Showering Sometimes our skin can look dirty after showering. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. ), I get it too, same color as you and Secretariat. These problematic medical ailments occur due to poor blood circulation. Soak the skin, then try a loofah to remove he ugly stuff. This content does not have an English version. When in doubt, have a medical professional thoroughly clean and assess your scrape or cut. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Thorough skin and nail care. Loofah can be "artificial" or the dried vegetable. Before applying anything on your body, please do a patch test with it first. McGraw Hill; 2022. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Mix 2 tablespoons of baking soda with 1 tablespoons of water. It doesn't bother me, but now I'm curious! ", UCDavis Health System: "Manual Lymphatic Drainage Massage (MLD). Scientists also believe genes are involved, because many women with the condition have family members with the condition. Atopic dermatitis, more commonly known as severe eczema, is known for causing extremely itchy skin rashes. There is no online registration for the intro class Terms of usage & Conditions Sensitive skin may not respond well to some of the chemicals and fragrances found in many body washes and soaps. I get this sometimes too, and you are describing it perfectly! I have been going to her for years and Ive never looked better.". If the cosmetic impact of the condition becomes too much, you may want to attend a support group or see a mental health professional. Accessed Nov. 29, 2022. Then in the locker room I can scrub with a gentle pad, and the grey stuff sloughs away. Call your healthcare provider immediately if you experience: The diagnostic ICD-10-CM (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification) code for edema is R60.9. The information on this website is not substitute for medical advice and is for educational purposes only. How Does Diet Affect Symptoms of Ichthyosis Vulgaris? Theyre usually not problematic; its when the bacteria invade your body that a staph infection can turn deadly by creating toxicity in your bloodstream. Swelling occurs when a part of your body gets bigger because there is a buildup of fluid in your tissues. But, if the pigmented skin is changing gradually, then you must see a physician. What is perioral dermatitis and how is it treated. Elevating your legs when lying down or sitting. Taking a bath or shower every day helps prevent the buildup of dirt, sebum, and bacteria on the skin. Anecdotal reports claim that topical application of cocoa butter can lighten the appearance of scars and improve skin complexion. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. Beauty benefits of both ingredients are prominent, which needs no explanation. Taking more than one shower each day may also be necessary for warmer months or after doing physically demanding work or exercise. 2811 Wilshire Blvd, Suite 640, Santa Monica, CA 90403, Copyright 2023 Dr. Tanya Kormeili Dermatology, Sometimes our skin can look dirty after showering. Mix equal quantities of sandalwood powder and rosewater. She said it was a form of eczema and the best way to "treat" it is to leave it alone. Edema is the medical term for swelling caused by fluid trapped in your bodys tissues. Lactic acid in milk is known to exhibit cosmetic benefits.
Broadfield, Crawley Crime,
Hoover City Schools Covid Policy,
Wayne County Sheriff Scanner Frequencies,
Evolution Ventures Colorado,
Tony Lewis, The Outfield Net Worth,
Articles D