Short narrative accounts of an event for the purpose of amusement (simply a story). 40 terms. Touring the world with friends one mile and pub at a time; coaching master fernstudium. Despite the good qualities of being brave, imaginative, and noble, the tragic figure commits a primal wrong and the innocent deaths that follow are the direct result of the wrong choices made. WHEN COMES SUCH ANOTHER? Antony uses logos in many ways and uses it in the best possible way he can. Bringing up the Luperical is a strong point. In this play, Antony depicts multiple themes, one of which being the strong use of rhetoric can influence and manipulate others actions and beliefs. You may not need to change the form that is given. They desire to persuade the commoners to their side of the situation. Roberto_Davalos. Available from: https://edubirdie.com/examples/rhetorical-devices-of-mark-antonys-speech/. In William Shakespeares Julius Caesar, after Caesars death, the Romans are conflicted about what should be done. Their conscience is questioning whether the murder of Caesar is justifiable, since he was not all the ambitious according to Antony. We are here 24/7 to write your paper in as fast as 3 hours. It is still fresh in the memories of many, While Brutus spoke well, but had no real factual standpoint, Antony gave many examples of Caesars achievements. Through Antonys use of paralipsis, he is able to plant a seed of admiration for Caesar and one of hate for the conspirators in the hearts of the plebeians. for, and, but, or, yet, so). . Thomas Friedman, three-time Pulitzer Prize-winning author and The New York Times columnist, uses rhetoric to increase the persuasiveness of his pro-outsourcing article "The Great Indian Dream." Meanwhile, David Moberg, senior . He uses Brutus and Cassius precious honor and Caesars achievements against them, saying, When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept./ Ambition should be made of sterner stuff./ Yet Brutus says he was ambitious,/ And Brutus is an honorable man (3.2.90-93). 2023 EduBirdie.com. Likewise, Antony utilizes a known fact among the people to elevate Caesars Character. Antony was one of many to give a long speech within the story, but what stands out in his speeches is the ability to move a whole populations tendencies and beliefs to side with himself using the power of rhetoric. ", "There is tears for his love, joy for his fortune, honour for his valour, and death for his ambition. Flashcards. Well, we do. The use of repetition in Antony 's speech allows for him to persuade the crowd and enable him to indoctrinate the plebeians causing them to despise the conspirators undertakings and yearn for Caesars avengence. Rhetorical devices evoke an emotional . Antony targets the credibility and character of Brutus when he says; And Brutus is an honourable man. (III.ii.1631). In the novel, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by Shakespeare, after Brutus brutally executes Caesar in Act 3 Scene 2, Antony is allowed to give a speech to the people of Rome whom have seen witnessed this fatal tragedy in Scene 3. Antony is a very loyal friend of Caesars who does not agree with the conspirators. /Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; (3.2.95-96). How are your feelings about Mitty influenced by seeing things from his point of view? Their conscience is questioning whether the murder of Caesar is justifiable, since he was not all the ambitious according to Antony. During the funeral, both Antony and Brutus give very convincing and persuading speeches, but overall Antony had delivered the bet. Write UUU beside each sentence that has you as its understood subject. Test. In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Mark Antony stands on the capitol steps, addressing Rome's countrymen. Julius Caesar is a historical play written by William Shakespeare. What do his replies indicate about his knowledge of the significance of the poppet? Antony uses a greater variety of rhetorical devices than Brutus does in his speech, ultimately leading him to a more successful outcome. Study up on some of the rhetorical devices used by Mark Antony in his famous funeral speech in Act 3:2! 15 Mar 2016. The rhetorical device Antony took hold of and made the central device throughout his persuasive argument was verbal irony. After Brutus speech the Romans are ready to crown Brutus king and be on the conspirators side. THEY WORK! The speech could serve as a thematic synopsis to Julius Caesar. The dollar has held up undeniably good (8) as the standard unit of account in the United States for over 200 years. By saying this to the plebians, Antony makes them feel ashamed of themselves. His, Mark Antony is trying to win over the people of Rome by his very effective use of rhetoric. This makes Brutus and his speech seem weak and not as important, or reliable. shaka wear graphic tees is candy digital publicly traded ellen lawson wife of ted lawson in verrem summary Out of these rhetoricians, Cassius, Brutus, and Antony, Antony was the best. April 7th, 2019 - Act Three Standards Focus Analysis of Rhetoric Directions For each of the following underlined excerpts from Antony's speech in Act Three scene 2 identify which rhetorical device is being used and explain how it is used according to the definitions and examples on the previous pages Note not all devices will be used Business Law Chapter 18 Terms. In Julius Caesar, Mark Antony is given the opportunity to speak at Caesar's funeral by the conspirators the murdered him. The use of asyndeton in this instance makes Antony's speech more personable and more appealing to the crowd. Coined by Aristotle; Refers to persuasion through emotional appeal, typically through anecdotes. In several works of literature, literary devices, ranging from imagery to rhetorical questions, have been used to pinpoint a deeper understanding of what is being written. During Caesar's funeral, both Marc Antony and brutus give speeches. Furthermore, Antony tells the public You. Antony finally persuades the crowd without saying what the conspirators did, His acknowledgement of Brutus saying [Caesar] was ambitious (III.ii.82) followed immediately by his saying that Brutus is an honorable man (III.ii.83) repetitively shows the crowd that Antony is ungrateful for the conspirators allegedly saving Rome. All rights reserved, Manipulation and Rhetoric: Mark Antony and His Speech at Caesars Funeral, Rhetorical Analysis of Mark Antony's Speech, The History of Cleopatra's Romantic Relationships, The Power of Persuasion: Mark Antony Versus Brutus, Historical Essay: Analysis of Cassius and Mark Antony, Julius Caesar and Brutus, Critical Analysis of Relations between Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, Overview of the Political, Religious, and Moral State of the Arabian Peninsula, the Roman, Byzantine and Persian Empires, Byzantine Empire and Roman Kingdom: General Overview, Analytical Essay on Art History: Byzantine Empire and Romanesque Era, Free revision, title page, and bibliography, Get original paper written according to your instructions. . Not just by their words, but by their actions. His use of logos, pathos, and ethos, along with his tricky language, indirect messages, and the . Antony by turning Brutus and Cassius into villains. Antony repeats that phrase when he wants to prove that they are not as honorable as they seem. Anthony's goal by using the rhetorical device logos, is that he is trying to make everyone one not on Brutuss side about the reason why he killed caesar. antony's speech rhetorical anaysis. Not be a Roman? ", Rhetorical Devices in the Speeches of Antony, Rhetorical Devices in Brutus' and Antony's Sp, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. It also gets very dramatic as he talks about Caesar being killed. Yet Antony always says the same phrase a lot of times it makes you think of something different. This sad emotion is passed to the listeners, which makes them feel bad for Antony and his loss. Antony uses logos in many ways and uses it in the best possible way he can. Antony is refuting Brutus argument that Caesar was too ambitious and that is why he needed to be assassinated. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like "friends, romans, countrymen.", "the evil that men do lives after them", "if it were so, it was a grievous fault" and more. With these seven words Mark Antony started his speech that captured the plebeians hearts, and turned them cold. It is a fact that k=0n1sin(k2n)=cos(2n)+sin(2n)12[1cos(2n)]\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \sin \left(\frac{\pi k}{2 n}\right)=\frac{\cos \left(\frac{\pi}{2 n}\right)+\sin \left(\frac{\pi}{2 n}\right)-1}{2\left[1-\cos \left(\frac{\pi}{2 n}\right)\right]}k=0n1sin(2nk)=2[1cos(2n)]cos(2n)+sin(2n)1. He uses aposiopesis to display how the assassination has affected him, once again using emotion to persuade the crowd to see the murder the same way he views it. Rhetoric - the skilful use of language in order to move or persuade - was big business in Elizabethan England judging by the . In his play, Marc Antony delivers a powerful speech that uses many different rhetorical devices, appeals, and different styles of writing. In this speech, Anthony's objective was to persuade the audience that women's suffrage was guaranteed by the Constitution as well as that of men. Both speeches were very effective in getting the point across by using all three forms of persuasive appeals: Ethos, Pathos and Logos. Therefore, this rhetorical question used contrived the public question Brutus as he made Caesars ambition look destructive for Rome. When comes such another? (III.ii.248) Antony uses pathos here to make the Romans think and feel that theres not going to be another Caesar and now Caesar is killed so it is a major loss to Rome. He is being almost sarcastic when he says this though. If any speak; for him have I offended. What existing beliefs were challenged by new scientific theories? Some of these include repetition, rhetorical questions, pathos, logos, ethos, and diction. Antonys use of this device not only affects the logos of the people by giving them a rhetorical question as to what is happening, but also affects their ethos by causing them to doubt the credibility of Brutus argument. At the end of his speech, Antony hopes to reach the Romans emotionally (pathos) by enraging them against Brutuss false statements against Caesar. Antony uses pathos as another way to manipulate the people. rhetorical question. He begins not by attacking Brutus or the conspirators, but by praising Caesar. As Antony ascends the pulpit, the plebeians talk among themselves, saying that Antony had better not speak ill of Brutus, and that Rome is blessed to be rid of Caesar.Antony begins, "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears. The purpose of his speech is to prove to the citizens that Brutus is wrong and Caesar shouldnt have been killed. Pathos is used to create a connection between the crowd and himself, Ethos to show his credibility in the matter and finally rhetorical questions to make the crowd think causing them to find reason within themselves. Many teachers of communication, speech, and rhetoric consider Aristotle's On Rhetoric to be a seminal work in the field. It is unbelievable how much we are affected by others around us. dt2d2R=R2k. Following Julius Caesar's death, Mark Antony uses many different rhetorical devices such as pathos and ethos in his speech that help convince the Plebeians to go against the conspirators. Other sets by this creator. Some of these include repetition, rhetorical questions, pathos, logos, ethos, and diction. Overall, Mark Antonys speech was helpful in trying to convince the Plebeians. The Tragedy of Julius Caesar In Act III Scene II in William Shakespeare's play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Antony delivers a speech at Julius Caesar's funeral. The word dollar comes from the old German Taler; a silver coin first minted in Germany in 1519. A list constructed with the exclusion of conjunctions (e.g. Marc Antony gives his speech at Caesars funeral to the citizens of Rome. After Brutus speech the Romans are ready to crown Brutus king and be on the conspirators side. "Romans, countrymen, and lovers, hear me for my cause, and be silent, that you may hear. In Mark Antony's talk a sentence that could be interpreted as parallelism is "When the poor hath cried, Caesar hath wept,' (Shakespeare, 3.2). By using situational irony he wins the crowd by a landslide, igniting a war and. ", "I have done no more to Caesar than you shall do to Brutus. The act of giving away money is a selfless act and someone who is ambitious will not be philanthropic. Lastly, Antony begins to finish his speech and win the plebeians over by orating .O masters, if I were disposed to stir your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage, I should do Brutus wrong, and Cassius wrong who, you all know, are honorable men (Shakespeare 3.2.120-123). (lines 203-204), I come not, friends, to steal away your hearts: / I am no orator, as Brutus is; / But, as you know me all, a plain blunt man, / That love my friend; and that they know full well/ That gave me public leave to speak of him (lines 209-213), For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth, / Action, not utterance, nor the power of speech (lines 214-215), Show you sweet Caesar's wounds, poor poor dumb mouths, / And bid them speak for me (lines 218-219), Here was a Caesar! Which allows him to have a connect with the crowds feeling at the death of Caesar .Antony does not let the restriction of going against the conspirators hinder his speech. Overall, Antony uses those three rhetorical devices to to leave a profound effect on the people, which helps him to gain power and win over Brutus in the end. (lines 98-99), My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, / AND I MUST PAUSE TILL IT COME BACK TO ME. State the order of the given ordinary differential equation. In other words, an ethical appeal. The Tiber River allowed Rome to have easy access to the Mediterranean, where people could come together and trade over water. The death of Caesar is a controversial topic and was even more controversial at the time of his funeral when when senators were trying to benefit from his death by getting the Roman citizens on their side. Its called Julius Caesar, but its about Marcus Brutus, our tragic hero. Brutus and Antony use ethos, logos, and pathos in their speeches to convince the commoners of their side of the story. Antony uses many rhetorical devices, all of which are used to persuade the crowd that the conspirators are wrong and Caesar did not need to be killed. Therefore, if someone wanted to know about the life of Cleopatra, they would get a clear and good understanding by watching this film. In William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Antony uses the rhetorical appeal logos to persuade the Roman people to turn against the conspirators. This sentence helps Brutus to persuade the people of Rome. Onomatopoeia, a sonic device, refers . A notable Wittingly or unwittingly chooses to do what is wrong. These help enhance Marc Antonys speech by persuading the audience towards considering that Caesar was a good man. She was more powerful than any goddess. Antony discusses the economic dominance and vigor that Caesar brought to Rome, and with sarcasm he states, Did this in Caesar seem ambitious? (3.2.99). Mark Antony was able to use rhetorical strategies better than Brutus in his speech in order to gain a level of. Antony uses persuasive elements to make his own point of view the unanimous view of the entire crowd. This allows for Antony to take advantage of the easily pliable minds in the audience and flip their introspections to vanquish the conspirators. On the other hand, Antonys long speech is brave and fearless a sign of a fool who embodies folly. Discuss whether this view of tragedy is held out by the play. Pathos is used to create a connection between the crowd and himself, Ethos to show his credibility in the matter and finally rhetorical questions to make the crowd think causing them to find reason within themselves. Antony uses anaphora, connotative diction and details throughout his speech to persuade the Romans to change their perspective of Caesar and Brutus. In his play, Marc Antony delivers a powerful speech that uses many different rhetorical devices, appeals, and different styles of writing. Briefly explain the significance of Seneca Falls Convention. One of the important factors of persuading is by using ethos to build up ones image. All rights reserved "I will not do them wrong, I rather choose To wrong the dead, to wrong myself and you, Than I will wrong such honourable men" (3.2 122-126), "I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke,/ But here I am to speak what I know."(3.2. Coined by Aristotle; The act of persuading or convincing the audience through credibility of the speaker. Get your paper done in as fast as 3 hours, 24/7. What is the difference between weather and climate? 664 Words3 Pages. The other point Antony making is he is also trying to convince the citizens to rebel against the government. Write III beside each sentence that is in inverted order. The tone of his speech is very ironic. He tells the people of Rome that he does not want to start a revolt against the men that killed Caesar. (Lines 118-122), Let but the commons hear this testament, / WHICH, PARDON ME, I DO NOT MEAN TO READ, (lines 125-126), And they would GO AND KISS DEAD CAESAR'S WOUNDS/ And DIP THEIR NAPKINS IN HIS SACRED BLOOD, / yea BEG A HAIR F HIM FOR MEMORY, / And, dying, mention it within their wills, / Bequeathing it as a rich legacy / Unto their issue. There are several examples of parallelism throughout "The Gettysburg Address", but one particular example sticks out. Repeatedly Antony states "Brutus is an honorable man" emphatically for the duration of his speech to contradict Brutus's nobility ( March Antony, Lines 83,88,95 ). Friends, Romans, countrymen, LEND ME YOUR EARS (line 68), Did this in Caesar seem ambitious? Talking about how Caesar refused the crown three times at the Luperical, Antony proclaims, Which he did thrice refuse; was this ambition. Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? To do so, Anthony combined logos, ethos, and . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Alliteration, Conduplicatio, Antithesis and more. It is an underrated skill that if polished, can bring an individual great success. Antony uses rhetorical questioning to provoke the crowd into a . This allows for Antony to take advantage of the easily pliable minds in the audience and flip their introspections to vanquish the conspirators. Before Antony begins his speech he is approached by the Romans with comments to not speak bad on Brutuss name, which is why he utilized the anaphora to repeat that Brutus is an honorable man therefore allowing him to gain the Romans trust to speak. By making this connection, the plebeians soon start to sympathise with Caesar and see the good actions that he did. Hala_Kazi. / I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him." He restates Brutus's charge that Caesar was ambitious, observing that "Brutus is an honorable man," a line he . 2023 EduBirdie.com. KevinHSookwah. By using situational irony he wins the crowd by a landslide, igniting a war and, Within Antonys speech to the Romans he uses anaphoric text to spike a whirl of rage towards Brutus. Brutuss nave belief that he has successfully justified his actions in the eyes of the Romans with such a short speech lacking any self-love is a sign of his naivety a form of foolishness that lacks folly. It is still fresh in the memories of many, When it comes to murder, the culprit almost always rationalizes his or her actions to make them seem innocent in the situation. Created by. Marc Antonys power has always been a part of him. Antony was good at maninpulating people throughout his speech. ", Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears. In his speech he uses Pathos, Logos, Ethos, and Situational Irony to sway his audience. Marc Antony gives his speech at Caesars funeral to the citizens of Rome. Lastly, Antony begins to finish his speech and win the plebeians over by orating .O masters, if I were disposed to stir your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage, I should do Brutus wrong, and Cassius wrong who, you all know, are honorable men (Shakespeare 3.2.120-123). . When he starts to talk about Caesars kindness, he can not control himself anymore, and starts to cry. Studying these kind (10) of word origins tells us much about how currency systems evolved. She was her fathers favorite so she learned from the best person to rule. He talks about what a good friend Caesar was, which was definitely said with emotion and regret. In William Shakespeares play Julius Caesar, Marc Antony appears to be a strong advocate for Julius Caesars triumphs and increasing power. For example, how he persuaded the crowd in his funeral speech. Is a good deed still a good deed when looked at from an ice cold eye? (Act III, Scene II, Lines 128-129 and 140-146) Antony is acting superior and is structuring his speech. According to Folly, I [folly] is also the champion of prudence (Folly, 27) as prudence is derived from experience, and men who lack. He first utilizes ethos in order to establish his credibility and principles before he proceeds any further, which the man does on purpose in order to gain the plebians trust. Out of the two speeches, Marc Antonys speech was more effective because of his use of appeals and biases, being 100% true and had a larger variety of rhetorical devices. Both speeches contain athos, which appeals to emotions, and rhetorical questions, these emphasize both of the speeches in different ways. ", "Believe me for mine honour, and have respect to mine honour that you may believe. This phrasing of the sentence like a question, makes the audience reflect and think about whether that is really true, Since Antony talked about Caesars noble acts before, the townsfolk are doubting that Caesar is ambitious. Furthermore, the usage of pathos in Antonys speech helps to connect the plebeians emotionally. Rhetoric is defined as the art of speaking effectively, such as the study of writing or speaking as a means of communication or persuasion (Merriam-Webster). Antony's opening words were the most important in the whole speech. (4) Her followers sure (5)did worship her enthusiastically. The Roman Kingdom also built roads and Roman Forum, a public place were all citizens could meet, network, and pray together. Antony also says "Here was Caesar! At the same time, Antony uses rhetoric to persuade the Romans. William Shakespeare, in his tragedy Julius Caesar, uses the rhetorical devices of a rhetorical question, repetition of the word "ambitious," and a direct reference in Antony 's speech to persuade the plebeians to rebel against the conspirators. Antony appeals to the pathos, ethos, and logos of the audience to get them to exile the conspirators. In his play, Marc Antony delivers a powerful speech that uses many different rhetorical devices, appeals, and different styles of writing. The word coin comes from the Latin word cuneus. (lines 175-176), Kind souls, WHAT, WEEP YOU WHEN you but behold / Our Caesar's vesture WOUNDED? These are just two examples of rhetorical devices and there are plenty more where they came from. Match. Hello, Username. By restating the statements over and over again by to the point that the true intention of the conspirators is a rhetorical question for the plebeians. He states that he wishes not to go against the wishes of honorable men which has been proven at this point to be an ironic statement. 31). Similarly, logos play an essential part in persuading others by giving powerful, influential facts. In the play Julius Caesar, written by William Shakespeare, Brutus and others decide to kill Caesar to protect the citizens of their home for they fear Caesar and his ambition would enslave the people of Rome. The tone of his speech is very ironic. Even though Antony is a higher class then everyone whom he is speaking to, he comes down to make himself look equal and fair. Antony uses many rhetorical devices in his speech from logos to pathos and many more but, the most effective rhetorical device in Antony's speech is logos because, in Antony's speech he pulls from the people's strings and emotions to get the people of Rome to get on his side and not Brutuss side. The act of giving away money is a selfless act and someone who is ambitious will not be philanthropic. Bear with me; my heart is in the coffin there with Caesar and I must pause till it come back to me, For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth, action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech to stir men's blood, THE TRAGEDY OF JULIUS CAESAR BY WILLIAM SHAKE, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. Created by. In this statement and many other statements following the same pattern Antony degrades the honor and the arguments of Caesars ambition that were made by Brutus and the other conspirators. If one knows nothing about the Egyptian Queen Cleopatra, then watching this film will help one understand of her and her life. Towards the middle to the end you can finally tell he is being sarcastic, also supported by the other points he is making about Brutus. Some of these include repetition, rhetorical questions, pathos, logos, ethos, and diction. Match. These help enhance Marc Antonys speech by persuading the audience towards considering that Caesar was a good man. Many of the reasons why betrayal is shown in the play are all for a similar reasons- Ambition / greed. Was it ever really a good deed at all? Basically, Antony uses Caesars will to convince the people that Caesar was a selfless, kind-hearted man and those who killed him should be ashamed and punished for killing an innocent man. Cacophony, a sonic device, is the combination of consonant sounds to create a displeasing effect. This allows for Antony to take advantage of the easily pliable minds in the audience and flip their introspections to vanquish the conspirators. I come to bury Ceasar, not to praise him." (Act III sc II 80-84) says Antony when introducing himself to . William Shakespeare, in his tragedy Julius Caesar, uses the rhetorical devices of a rhetorical question, repetition of the word ambitious, and a direct reference in Antony 's speech to persuade the plebeians to rebel against the conspirators. (lines 101-102), I should do Brutus wrong, and Cassius wrong, Who, you all know, are honorable men. He uses ethos to show the credibility of the speeches, logos to show facts given, and pathos to show the emotion shown throughout the eulogies. (line 245), Rhetorical Devices in Brutus' and Antony's Sp, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. To be sure, Antony does not have it easy. Antonys statement goes further to insight rage in the minds of the plebeians with the idea that to mourn their, The purpose of Mark Antonys speech is to convince the public that the killing of Caesar was unjust. the urgency, need, or demand for a piece of rhetoric. In Mark Antony's speech, he sways them to believe that Caesar did not deserve to die, and that the conpirators were the real enemies by using rhetorical devices like rhetorical question and apostrophe. Other sets by this creator. It also gets very dramatic as he talks about Caesar being killed. He sparked rage into the minds of the plebeians and then turned that rage against the conspirators by accusing them of being high and mighty against the emotions of the people. Moneta was a name given to Juno, one of the ancient (2)Romans' most greatest (3)deities. By using logos, Antony appears to have an even stronger argument, which compells the people to believe in his words even more. Brutus and Antony are both smart well thought out characters. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Ethos, Pathos, Logos and more. Antony states that Brutus killed Caesar after making a deceitful impeachment of ambition; making Brutus not an honorable man. Antony employs repetition, anaphora, synecdoche, antithesis and zeugma as rhetorical devices. By restating the statements over and over again by to the point that the true intention of the conspirators is a rhetorical question for the plebeians. When he is telling them that Caesar brought many captives to Rome, he asks, Did this in Caesar seem ambitious (3.2.18). Next, logos is used to prove Antonys ideas with evidence and reasoning.
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