Google Scholar. PubMed Central Part of Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. 2016;397:2239. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Yale J Biol Med. 2015;91:30611. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. Bioelectromagnetics. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Bioelectromagnetics. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. 1988;9:33745. Cite this article. 2004;115:1490505. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. 2009;63:10106. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Lai et al. Google Scholar. PubMed Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Harris KM. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. 2016;74:99107. Behav Brain Res. 2011;18:32533. 2012;21:6209. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. CAS Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Neurol Sci. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. Ann N Y Acad Sci. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. 2005;1042:1018. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. 2005;25:10190201. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Arch Environ Health. Google Scholar. Iran J Public Health. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. Gold PE. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. Bioelectromagnetics. Int J Radiat Biol. Joubert et al. 2004;996:8996. Google Scholar. Qiao et al. 2006;27:295306. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. 2006;27:16471. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Sareesh et al. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. radiation with wavelengths. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. 2010;39:67594. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. J Neurosci Methods. Terms and Conditions, Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. 2005;161:3314. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. 1992;49:1818. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. 2004;2004:19. 2015;148:150. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Int J Radiat Biol. Article Mack et al. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Google Scholar. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. 2010;2010. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. Chin J Indus Hyg. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Article Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. 2013;34:26474. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Synapse. 2009;27:556572. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. J Radiat Proc. J Clin Oncol. 2010;86:37683. Behav Brain Res. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Google Scholar. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. 2013;34:58998. Sci Total Environ. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Wang et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Behav Brain Res. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. 2014:125. PubMed Central Dasdag et al. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. 2015;36:4804. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal.
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