c. limitations of a focus on ethnicity. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. 151. How so? According to the cognitive-behavioral model, this is an example of _____ behavior. He developed the law of effect thanks to his work with a puzzle box. Try figuring out if you genuinely do not have time to go to the gym by recording what you do each day and then look at open times of the day. Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. 127. a. cognitive therapy b. biological therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. behavior therapy. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. c. ego. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. Module 6: Dissociative Disorders - Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. 153. How so? c. humanistic-existential Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. b. negative transference. c. overgeneralization. Rogers did try to investigate his propositions scientifically, but most other humanistic-existential psychologists rejected the use of the scientific method. a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. a. existential therapy b. free association c. mindfulness meditation d. gestalt therapy, 98. b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. Hormonal imbalances. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. 2.2.2.1. The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is: a. client-centered. 28. Examine the evidence both for and against your thought. d. development of sociopathic tendencies. First, Freud made most of his observations in an unsystematic, uncontrolled way, and he relied on the case study method. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? c. Beck. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. The actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form called a neurotransmitter. Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. In other words, we assume the person who cut us off is an idiot (dispositional) and do not consider that maybe someone in the car is severely injured and this person is rushing them to the hospital (situational). The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: a. working through b. exposure therapy c. role playing d. family therapy. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. 33. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. d. countertransference. a. One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. What if you found out that a friend who sits in the front row is a C student but sits there because he cannot see the screen or board, even with corrective lenses? 43. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. To be considered distinct from other conditions, a mental illness must have its own set of symptoms. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. c. intellectualization. Dichotomous thinking Viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. a. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. Transcribed image text: model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and the need of human for velf acceptance. Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. Influential on the development of Skinners operant conditioning, Thorndike (1905) proposed the law of effect or the idea that if our behavior produces a favorable consequence, in the future when the same stimulus is present, we will be more likely to make the response again, expecting the same favorable consequence. List and describe the models of abnormality. What is learning and what forms does it take? 115. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? BIO 205 Flashcards | Quizlet b. self-actualizing. 2.3.1.4. b. repression. Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. 71. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act. a. psychodynamic Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? d. known risk and protective factors. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. We will explore a few of these factors in this section. Freud used three primary assessment techniquesfree association, transference, and dream analysisas part ofpsychoanalysis, or psychoanalytic therapy, to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. Thats all right. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didn't know the answers to many of the questions. As such, he continues to steal her toys. 2.3.4.2. On later trials, the rat was presented (NS) and followed closely by a loud sound (UCS; Panel B). c. explain the connection between religious practices and mental health. Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. The events (response and consequence) are linked in time. 23. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. a. Dysfunction b. 165. The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. They are open to experience, live every moment to the fullest, are creative, accepts responsibility for their decisions, do not derive their sense of self from others, strive to maximize their potential, and are self-actualized. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. Acceptance and commitment therapy borrows heavily from _____, which teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that are flowing through their minds, and to accept their thoughts in a nonjudgmental way. b. existential d. disengaged. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? d. caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services. Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. 100. What if? First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. b. ego. According to Mental Health America, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure in which a brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. Patients are placed on a padded bed and administered a muscle relaxant to avoid injury during the seizures. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. 52. c. operant conditioning. 2.3.2.5. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? d. free association. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. In terms of operant conditioning, strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming. d. people can inherit physical but not mental capacities. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. Which theory is based on the idea that people constantly evaluate and give meaning to their lives through their actions? a. modeling. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. Negative means that something is being taken away good or bad. And then we return to resting potential, as you saw in Figure 2.4. 18. Chapter 3 Flashcards by Burton Dwight | Brainscape What is an important characteristic of group therapy? a. guidelines. According to the behavioral model, Dontrall acquired this perspective through the process of: a. modeling. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. 19. This approach to learning was called connectionism. Another example is how a baby will root for a food source if the mothers breast is placed near their mouth. Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. 55. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. These medications fall under five major categories. According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. past experiences. Track the accuracy of the thought. a. Neurotransmitters are released. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? a. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. b. d. quaternary prevention. According to the Genetics Home Reference website as part of NIHs National Library of Medicine, a gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene). c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. c. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. b. brain stimulation. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. PSYCH205-FinalExam-Answers Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: a. repression. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. Identify and define important neurotransmitters. The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely: a. cognitive-behavioral. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. d. create an ideal set of genes. Is there merit to this view? b. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. b. exposure a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. Why is this? b. overgeneralization. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. Observational learning. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. b. psychoanalysis. Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. Rita is seeing a gestalt therapist because she has anxiety about confronting her sister regarding painful interactions from their childhood. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. Nikolais grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. During repolarization the neuron will not fire no matter how much stimulation it receives. 109. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. b. focusing on the here and now. Dontrall observed his parents generous behavior throughout his childhood. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. c. children who very seldom fight. Hypnosis was used at first and relieved her symptoms, as it had done for many patients (See Module 1). The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. b. operant conditioning. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. That is the idea, at least. d. existential. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. This newer type of cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes recognizing problematic thoughts as thoughts rather than judging them, acting on them, or fruitlessly trying to change them. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. a. gestalt theorist b. psychodynamic theorist c. existential theorist d. evolutionary theorist. d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. Solved which statement about catergorical vs dimensions | Chegg.com Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of both women and men., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. I know my grandmother used to. a. humanistic Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. C) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. They were more likely to have suspect genetic variation at the same four chromosomal sites. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. b. ego. Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. d. integrate new behaviors to compensate for other damaging behaviors. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). c. the id, ego, and superego. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). d. projection. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. b. neurosis. This model has been adopted by psychiatrists rather than psychologists. This shows the recent belief that the key to psychological disorders lies in: a. specific brain structures. Freud said this resistance revealed where issues persisted. Behaviorism is the school of thought associated with learning that began in 1913 with the publication of John B. Watsons article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, in the journal Psychological Review (Watson, 1913). 113. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model.
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