We levelled entire cities with our bombs and shell fire, explained the Philippine High Commissioner. A detailed account, based on interviews with two of the shooters, is Manuel Roig-Franzia, A Terrorist in the House, Washington Post , February 22, 2004. 25 And the pattern continued: as older territories became states, new annexations brought new territories into the polity. following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of 1856, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 1856; ]d*d>&Pd,QMG{\T-8FFSI>rK}bbSh]Z")aqvTI*FI}jO~>(-lL%cd&ct2Pd{>t: 91 R5(LtT+3l1YZzDzL>X2LkR:&.iz>,!9)9s6G&f!))wGc/=-UHwkAx#qhO In that decade, his followers bombed numerous federal buildings (including the governors mansion) and assassinated Puerto Ricos chief of police. Summary, Has The Organization Managements Played Part In Increase In Information Risk In The Modern World 1 Calculated from figures in Franklin K. Van Zandt, Boundaries of the United States and the Several States (Washington, DC, 1966), 26264 and Thomas Donaldson, The Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics (Washington, DC, 1884), 8788. Vendor: Bernard J. Shapero Books (London) Acquisitions control no. Alaska 1867 secretary of state William Seward buys this from Russia for 7.2 billion in gold-- called Sewards Folley Hawaii 1898 important coaling station and source of sugar, the McKinley tariff states that we have to pay tariff for sugar, so we overthrow the queen. But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. 40 By the time Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959, the proportion of people living under U.S. jurisdiction but outside of the states had fallen from 51% to around 2%, and it has hovered between 1% and 3% ever since. 30. 24 Today, we can add another major form of territorial extension to the story: overseas military bases. Following the United States' annexation of the Philippines, _____ led a revolt against the U.S. that resulted in more U.S. casualties than the number who . U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. Well before all of the continental territories became states, the United States embarked on a second phase of territorial history: overseas territories. Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. A helpful account of the Wisconsin School is Morgans Into New Territory . This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list, . 33. 10. (Lincoln, NE, 1984), esp. There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. independent as Kiribati <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 1 0 obj Annexation is an unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, is distinct from conquest and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. The most thorough account of Hawaiian martial law is Harry N. Scheiber and Jane L. Scheiber, Bayonets in Paradise: A Half-Century Retrospect on Martial Law in Hawaii, 19411946, University of Hawaii Law Review 19 (1997): 477648. The writers who used these terms were, by and large, champions of empire. Purchase from Mexico following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. The more states followed Virginias lead, the larger the non-state territory grew. : The Evolution of Territoriality in American Law (Oxford, 2009); and Gerald L. Neuman and Tomiko Brown-Nagin, eds., Reconsidering the Insular Cases: The Past and Future of American Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2015). It is an extraordinary fact about the United States that its western territories became states, parts of the union on an equal footing with older states. 15. 45 But what we are learning is how important those small specks nevertheless are, as they act as staging grounds for precisely the kind of economic, military, and cultural interventions that the Wisconsin School emphasized. Islands. What we rarely acknowledge is how much territory the U.S. also held by the wars end. under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; Swains Island was annexed in 1925 (occupied since 1856), . On Indian Territory, alternatively known as Indian Country: Roy Gittinger, The Formation of the State of Oklahoma, 18031906 (Norman, OK, 1939); Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States and the American Indians , 2 vols. Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. U.S. Don't use plagiarized sources. Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007). In 2000, the Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York was dedicated to Albizu (and to the struggle of Vieques against the U.S. Navy). Albizu presents something of a puzzle. commonwealth status as Federated States of 25. (William B.) 5. DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . For a fuller picture of how colonial encounters might change larger narratives of U.S. history, consider the Second World War. U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. The reason for Oklahomas long period of territorial subjugation is that, for the majority of the nineteenth century, it wasnt Oklahoma but Indian Territory, a legally defined but unorganized all-Indian territory within the United States. 41. 1, Number of Inhabitants (Washington, DC: 1942), 12.6% of the population of the Greater United States lived in the overseas territories. Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that a full census of all the people who lived under U.S. jurisdiction at the wars endresidents of the states, colonies, and occupied zonesreveals the astonishing fact that the majority (51%) lived outside of the continental United States. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. annually; ceded to Panama in 1999, Purchased from Denmark for $25 million; currently an JFIF ` ` C Search for other works by this author on: The Author 2016. Empire, Militarization, and Suburbanization and the Marshall Islands, 19441986 (Ph.D. Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 16. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as 42. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence The first arc in the history of the Greater United States, concerning western territories, is obviously central to any telling of U.S. history, and has been since at least Frederick Jackson Turners frontier thesis. Spanish-America War; fully independent in 1946, Annexed following Spanish-America War; currently a Diplomatic History used to be like that. turkey stuffed with rice and meat; boil water advisory near me 2021 California filled with whites and transitioned from military rule to statehood in two years. Anthony Rawlings (New York, 1971); Benjamn Torres, Marisa Rosado and Jos Manuel Torres Santiago, eds., Imagen de Pedro Albizu Campos (San Juan, 1973); Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos ; Laura Meneses de Albizu Campos, Albizu Campos y la Independencia de Puerto Rico (San Juan, 2007); and Nelson A. Denis, War against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in Americas Colony (New York, 2015). % In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. Headings - United States--History - United States--Foreign relations - United States--Colonial question - United States--Territorial expansion Notes It wound up its occupations, sometimes much faster than it might have (in 1943, Roosevelt suggested that the occupation of Korea should last forty years; it lasted three). stream The organization consisted of several groups of adventurers for hire that acted more or less independently under the company's charter. The most thorough discussion of anti-basing protests and their effects on the World War II basing network is Rebecca Herman Weber, In Defense of Sovereignty: Labor, Crime, Sex and Nation at U.S. Military Bases in Latin America, 19401947 (Ph.D. Acquisition: An acquisition is a corporate action in which a company buys most, if not all, of another firm's ownership stakes to assume control of it. They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations. This box map, from the inside cover of the 1910 edition of Allen C. Thomas's textbook, An Elementary History of the United States (first published 1900), shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawai'i, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico. On points in the postWorld War II landscape, I have been greatly influenced by William Rankin, After the Map: Cartography, Navigation, and the Transformation of Territory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, IL, 2016). It culminated in nationalists firing shots at the governors mansion in San Juan and in a very-nearly-successful assassination attempt on President Harry Truman in Washington, D.C. Reporter and political insider Drew Pearson cited the attempt on Trumans life as one of the reasons that Truman didnt run for re-election. self-governing commonwealth of the United States, Annexed following Spanish-America War; in 1950 became <> <> On Hawaiian statehood in this regard, see Sarah Miller-Davenport, State of the New: Hawaii Statehood and Global Decolonization in American Culture, 19451978 (Ph.D. Dean Kohlhoff, When the Wind Was a River: Aleut Evacuation in World War II (Seattle, WA, 1995) and Jennifer Sepez, Christina Package, Patricia E. Malcolm, and Amanda Poole, Unalaska, Alaska: Memory and Denial in the Globalization of the Aleutian Landscape, Polar Geography 30 (2007): 193209. One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. They hung on classroom walls. As one of the justices summarized the logic, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land, but the territories were not part of the land. 20, The result of all thisthe erasure of the colonies from the map, the references to the Greater United States growing scarce, the Courts expulsion of the territories from the landwas the reassertion of an understanding of the United States as a nation-state. In 1898, the rush of imperial expansion encouraged a new understanding of the United States as the Greater United States. After all, many groups have contested U.S. rule, from Southern confederates to black nationalists. ch. To speak only of formal acquisitions, . 33, Furthermore, the Japanese-occupied parts of the United States became a Pacific bloodlands. It had also laid claim to nearly all of Micronesia. Congress officially annexed Alaska in 1884 America Acquires Alaska U. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a Zone in Germany (17,174): figures from October 1946 census reported in The Demography of War: Germany, Population Index 14 (1948): 299; Continental United States (132,481): Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: 1975), part I, 8. In its first twenty-five years it published only a single article on the Philippines, during which time it published three on Guatemala (one-eighth the size) and seven on France. 26. 5 0 obj The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. But California was the extreme. We can see, better than we could before, how the territorial extensions of the United States matter today, and how they have mattered in the past. Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. endobj Oregon Territory. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904. endstream Bicknell, Edward. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. This was a war, not over latitudes but points, in which particular spots on the mapthe Green Zone in Iraq, black-site prisons sprinkled throughout foreign countries, Guam, Guantnamo Bay, the all-important military base of Diego Garciatook on outsize significance. 37. The matter of the date, December 7, 1941, emblazoned into national memory by Franklin Delano Roosevelts Day of Infamy speech, is somewhat misleading on this score. That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. uninhabited; National Wildlife Refuge, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a All instructions are in the template file. xTnI}nw(qA0!`%vl@$;;cTT\\^>HBJJI^IFBUv;_A?HP//4 p"1 The problem is not, I hasten to add, a lack of available information. But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. 14. Baker Island Howland Island . ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Atlas. Two weeks before Dien Bien Phu, four nationalists entered the House of Representatives in Washington, D.C., made their way to the upstairs Ladies Gallery, unfurled a Puerto Rican flag, pulled out pistols, and fired 29 rounds into the body politic below them. All rights reserved. John W. Griggs in The Insular Cases, Comprising the Records, Briefs, and Arguments of Counsel in the Insular Cases of the October Term, 1900, in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC, 1901), 363. In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? 23. self-governing U.S. commomwealth, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 became a 32. 20. But things are changing quickly. The 18981899 annexations showed U.S. thinkers their country from a new perspective. The Journal of American History has never printed his name. 2 0 obj With that, the United States was no longer a union of states alone but an amalgam of states and territories , which it has been ever since. 22. 34 Manila, the sixth-largest city in the United States (substantially larger than Boston or Washington, D.C.), was decimated. in 1999, Purchased from Denmark 35. There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. 286,541. 1857-1904 - Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. It also added to its colonial holdings in 1947 with the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: technically a trusteeship administered by the United States on behalf of the United Nations, but held under a unique arrangement that allowed the UN almost no effective oversight. in 1979, United Nations Trust Territory; self-governing as Northern That is the same number that the American Historical Review has published. Leadership Task 2 Congress rejected the proposal, though, partly to avoid the prospect of Indian representatives in the Capitol. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. Yet annexation did take place. Benedict Anderson called it the logo map. 13. Nationalism waxed, imperialism waned. Arguments for U.S. Surely, hundreds of thousands of Filipinos died in the war. Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. (New York, 2006), 179. of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal The Territory of the United States, 1845-1886 A map from 1886 of the United States showing the territories ceded by Mexico and the acquisition of Alaska. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States : For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.-Native American treaties . Levittown, Puerto Rico, that is. In that sense, the overseas colonies are the key to the Greater United States. Yet Williamss school regarded 1898 as symptomatic rather than substantive: the small and visible tip of a much larger imperial iceberg. 3 Albizu founded Puerto Ricos Army of Liberation in the 1930s. stream Herbert E. Bolton, The Epic of Greater America, American Historical Review 38, no. 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). for $7.2 million; statehood 1959, Annexation of independent republic; statehood 1959, Purchased from Spain jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Theodore Friend writes that at least 500,000 Filipinos, 300,000 Japanese, and 40,000 mainlanders were killed in Between Two Empires: The Ordeal of the Philippines, 19291946 (New Haven, CT, 1965), 267. Dorr v. United States , 195 U.S. 138, 155 (1904) (Harlan, J. M., dissenting). Available also Peabody, M. M. (Moody Morse) - Peabody, M. M. Wall map. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. It is generally held to be an illegal act. 34. The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. Law Club (Chicago, Ill.) - Smith, Howard Leslie. At the same time, the Greater United States expanded through occupationsthe Japanese, South Korean, German, and Austrian occupations all extended into the postwar period. DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 18571904 0 1000 ASIA 1847 1898 1898 '899 thitedStatespssessims (withdate acqus&n) ofinnuee theUnitedStates STATESMidwayis.1867 WakeL 1899 189 1858 1898 How4andt. Examine the map of US acquisitions and annexations. Bicknell, E. (1904) The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. Annexation of independent republic. Gadsden Purchase. for $15 million, including assumed claims, Purchased from Spain That figure excludes secret bases and some bases smaller than ten acres. Certainly, in terms of size, current overseas holdings dont add up to muchall U.S. overseas territory today, including military bases, comprises an area smaller than Connecticut. David Rumsey Map Collection. 529,189. Hi The contraction of the basing network is chronicled in Blaker, United States Overseas Basing , chap. It may be done because the neighboring urban areas seek municipal services or because a city seeks control over its suburbs or neighboring unincorporated areas. A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes) If this comes as news to you, youre in good company. Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. Williams and the many historians working in his long shadow have always happily acknowledged the colonies that the United States took. Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. HISTORY United States: world's fourth largest country in terms of area #1: Russia #2: Canada #3: China migration: the movement of people within a country or region . More about Copyright and other Restrictions. 18 Its worth noting, though, that Bolton himself was shaped by the 1898 moment. 38. 27. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. . I am counting the time between when a territory was annexed to the United States to the time it was admitted to the Union as a state. Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation .